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Women or Sūrat an-Nisāʼ (Arabic: سورة النساء)[1] is the fourth chapter of the Quran, with 176 verses. The title of the sura derives from the numerous references to women throughout the chapter, including verses 34 and 127-130.
It is a Medinan sura,[2] as confirmed by Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, who states that the sura must have been revealed after the hijrah based on the subject matter.[3]
Although an-Nisā typically appears as the fourth sura, according to the Nöldeke classification of suras, based on Islamic traditions, "The Women" was approximately revealed as the hundredth sura.[4] Amir-Ali places it as the 94th sura, while Hz. Osman and Ibn`Abbas believe it is the 92nd.[5] Ja`fer es-Sadik places it as the 91st sura revealed.[5] Based on the legislation concerning orphans, the sura was most likely revealed after many Muslims were killed at the Battle of Uhud, leaving numerous dependents in the new Muslim community.[6] The revelation therefore began around the year three, according to the Islamic calendar, but was not completed until the year eight.[7] Consequently, parts of this sura, the second longest in the Quran, were revealed concurrently with portions of "The Examined Woman," sura 60.[8] However, the sura shows some thematic coherence, despite its disjointed and ongoing revelation.[9]
Furthermore, as relates to the placement of this sura within the Quran as a whole, Neal Robinson notes what he refers to as the "dovetailing" of suras.[10] Based on this idea of structure, one sura ends with a topic that is immediately picked up in the next sura.[10] The Family of 'Imran, sura 3, includes a discussion of male and female near the end of the sura (3.195).[10] This theme continues at the beginning of sura 4:[10] "People, be mindful of your Lord, who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from the pair of them spread countless men and women far and wide; be mindful of God, in whose name you make requests of one another."[11] This dovetailing may indicate a complex editorial process involved in ordering the suras.
This Medinian sura aims at protecting the newly formed Muslim community by outlining acceptable behavior for Muslims.[13] It illustrates the Quran's role as an authoritative legal source[14] and its ability to shape the community. The sura aims to eradicate the earlier practices of pagan, Arab communities that are no longer considered moral in the Muslim society.[15] For example, the section of this sura about dealing fairly with orphan girls (4:2-4) addresses the pre-Islamic Arabic practice of marrying orphan girls in order to take their property.[16]
Thematically, "an-Nisā" not only addresses concerns about women, but also discusses inheritance, marriage laws, how to deal with children and orphans, legal practices, jihād, relations between Muslim communities and People of the Book, war, and the role of Jesus as a prophet, rather than the son of God as Christians claimed.[8] Furthermore, in discussing war, this sura encourages the Muslim community to fight for the vulnerable in war,[16] as demonstrated by 4:75: "Why should you not fight in God's cause and for those oppressed men, women, and children who cry out, ‘Lord, rescue us from this town whose people are oppressors! By Your grace, give us a protector and give us a helper!’?. The sura addresses a multitude of issues faced by the early Muslim community and provides responses to the challenges the community faced. The wide variety of issues addressed in the sura and the length of the sura make it difficult to divide into literary structures. However, based on a study of themes present in each section of the sura, Amīn Ahsan Islāhī divides the sura into three thematically-based sections: social reform, the Islamic community and its opponents, and a conclusion.[18] Mathias Zahniser presents an alternative means of looking at the structure of this sura. He claims that the central theme of this sura is the address to the Christians.